Quick Answer
An AI receptionist costs $99–$600/month for self-serve software or $500–$1,500/month agency-managed, plus $0–$2,500 one-time setup. A typical dental clinic, medical practice, or salon lands at $300–$800/month all-in — replacing a $4,000–$6,000/month human receptionist and usually paying for itself within 2–6 weeks.
The Question Every SMB Asks
Key Takeaways: AI receptionists cost $99–$600/month for DIY SaaS, or $500–$2,000/month for agency-managed deployments. They replace a $4,000–$6,000/month fully-loaded human receptionist and recover $5,000–$10,000/month in missed booking revenue for a busy practice. Voice-capable agents that book directly into your calendar are the real investment — chat-only solutions capture less than 30% of missed bookings because most patients and clients still pick up the phone.
You've heard about AI receptionists. You know missed calls are losing you bookings. But before you sign anything, you need one number: what does an AI receptionist actually cost?
How much does an AI receptionist cost? The direct answer for 2026: $99–$600/month for self-serve software, or $500–$1,500/month for an agency-managed agent that includes setup, integration, and optimization. It depends on what you're comparing, so here's the full picture:
- ��DIY SaaS (software only): $99–$400/month
- ��White-label agent + setup (agency-managed): $500–$2,000/month
- ��What it replaces (a human receptionist): $4,000–$6,000/month after salary, taxes, and benefits
The trap most business owners fall into is comparing price tags without comparing what's included. A $99/month plan with zero setup, zero training, and zero support costs you more in lost bookings than a $1,500/month managed agent that's live in a week.
This guide breaks down the real cost of an AI receptionist for dentists, clinics, salons, and service businesses — with actual vendor pricing, per-minute math, hidden fees, and the ROI calculations that tell you whether it's worth it for your call volume.
Sources: This guide draws on U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics wage data for receptionists (bls.gov), Gartner's customer service AI research (gartner.com), McKinsey's State of AI reporting (mckinsey.com), published pricing from Vapi, Retell AI, Bland AI, Synthflow, and Smith.ai, and Orometa's own deployment data across 45+ AI receptionist installations.
How Much Does an AI Receptionist Cost? The Short Answer
| Option | Monthly Cost | Setup Cost | What You Get |
|---|---|---|---|
| DIY chatbot platform | $99–$200/mo | $0–$500 | Basic chat widget, no voice, you configure everything |
| Full AI receptionist SaaS | $200–$400/mo | $500–$1,500 | Voice + chat, calendar booking, reminders |
| Agency-managed AI receptionist | $500–$1,500/mo | $500–$2,500 one-time | Everything above + training, integration, monitoring, optimization |
| Human answering service | $300–$2,100/mo | $0 | Per-call human agents, limited hours on entry tiers, no calendar depth |
| Human receptionist (full-time) | $4,000–$6,000/mo loaded | $2,000–$5,000 hiring | One person, 9–5, covers one phone line |
The pattern: software costs less than managed service, and both cost far less than humans. But software doesn't book your appointments by itself — someone has to configure it, train it, and maintain it. That "someone" is usually the difference between a $99/mo toy and a $600/mo revenue machine.
Why Prices Vary So Much Right Now
The AI receptionist market is moving through a genuine adoption wave, and pricing models haven't settled. Gartner surveyed customer service leaders in late 2024 and found 85% planned to explore or pilot customer-facing conversational GenAI in 2025 — with 44% specifically evaluating voicebots and only 5% having already deployed one (gartner.com). Gartner also predicts that by 2029, agentic AI will autonomously resolve 80% of common customer service issues without human intervention, driving roughly a 30% reduction in operational costs (gartner.com).
What that means for your budget: you're buying into a technology curve, not a mature commodity. Early adopters pay for implementation expertise because the platforms are still developer-oriented. As McKinsey's State of AI research shows, organizational AI adoption keeps climbing quarter over quarter, and the businesses capturing value are the ones that pair tools with operational ownership rather than buying licenses and hoping (mckinsey.com).
Translation: the software is cheap and getting cheaper. The results come from setup, integration, and iteration — which is exactly where managed pricing earns its premium.
What Is an AI Receptionist, Exactly?
Before comparing prices, define the product. "AI receptionist" gets slapped on everything from a $29 chatbot to a $2,000/month managed service. The tiers look like this:
Tier 1 — Chat widget ($29–$99/mo). Answers website form inquiries with scripted or LLM-generated text. Cannot answer phone calls. Captures leads that were already motivated enough to type — for where text-only tools still fit, see our breakdown of AI customer service chatbots.
Tier 2 — Text-first assistant ($99–$200/mo). Chat plus SMS and sometimes WhatsApp. Can answer basic questions and collect contact info, but hands off actual booking to a human.
Tier 3 — True AI receptionist ($200–$600/mo software-only). Answers your phone line with natural voice, checks your live calendar availability, books appointments directly, sends confirmation and reminder texts, and escalates edge cases to your team. This is the product this guide prices.
Tier 4 — Managed AI front desk ($500–$2,000/mo). Everything in Tier 3, deployed and operated for you: trained on your services and pricing, integrated into your practice management system, monitored weekly, and optimized monthly based on call recordings.
If a vendor's demo can't book a real appointment into your real calendar during the sales call, you're looking at Tier 1 or 2 — priced accordingly. For a deeper feature comparison, see our guide to the AI receptionist as a 24/7 booking assistant.
The Four Factors That Drive Price
The same AI receptionist costs different amounts depending on four factors. Understanding them lets you read any quote in five minutes.
1. Channels (Chat vs Voice vs Both)
- ��Chat only (website + SMS + WhatsApp): cheapest. Handles text inquiries 24/7.
- ��Voice only (answers phone calls): costs more — speech recognition, language model inference, and voice synthesis each add per-minute processing costs.
- ��Chat + voice + email (hybrid): most expensive, but this is what captures the calls you're losing right now.
Rule of thumb: if you're a clinic or salon, you need voice. In our deployment data, roughly 70% of missed bookings at dental and salon businesses come from unanswered phone calls, not unanswered texts. A chat-only bot solves the smaller half of the problem. Our breakdown of AI phone agents covers why voice is the channel that moves revenue.
2. Integration Depth
An AI receptionist that just "talks to people" is cheap. An AI receptionist that actually books into your calendar is what you want.
- ��Basic: sends a message that you confirm manually
- ��Standard: reads your calendar, checks availability, books directly
- ��Advanced: integrates with your practice management system (Dentrix, Mindbody, Housecall Pro, Jane App, Calendly) + CRM + SMS reminders
Every integration adds setup hours, and setup hours are where the one-time fee comes from. A Calendly connection might take two hours. A two-way sync with a legacy dental practice system can take twenty. If you want to understand what happens under the hood, our AI CRM integration guide walks through the architecture.
3. Volume (Per-Minute Usage)
Voice AI is billed per minute of conversation. Every answered call consumes minutes, so a dentist with 50 calls/day pays more than a salon with 10.
Typical volume bands for SMBs:
| Monthly call minutes | Typical plan cost | Who fits here |
|---|---|---|
| Under 500 min | $99–$200/mo | Solo operator, under 10 calls/day |
| 500–2,000 min | $200–$400/mo | Small clinic or salon, 10–30 calls/day |
| 2,000–5,000 min | $400–$600/mo | Busy practice, 30–80 calls/day |
| 5,000+ min | $600–$1,000+/mo | Multi-location or high-volume operation |
Here's the math most buyers miss: the average appointment-booking call runs 2–4 minutes. At 40 calls/day, 22 business days, and 3 minutes average, you consume roughly 2,600 minutes/month. At a typical all-in rate of $0.13–$0.20/minute, that's $340–$520/month in pure usage — before any platform license, phone number, or management fee. This is why "$99/month unlimited" offers deserve scrutiny: unlimited rarely survives contact with a real call log.
4. Managed vs DIY
This is the biggest cost driver and the most misunderstood:
- ��DIY (you configure it): software cost only. Expect 10–20 hours of your time upfront, ongoing tweaks, and no one to call when it misbehaves.
- ��Managed (agency sets it up and runs it): $500–$1,500/mo all-in. A team trains the agent on your services, pricing, insurance policies, and staff, wires the integrations, monitors call recordings, and improves responses monthly.
For a solo operator or small team, DIY is a false economy. Ten hours of setup plus endless troubleshooting usually costs more than the managed premium — especially when your hourly value as a practice owner is $150–$400.
What the Major Platforms Actually Charge
Published pricing from the major voice AI platforms, verified against vendor pricing pages:
| Platform | Pricing Model | Published Rate | Typical All-In Per Minute | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vapi | $0.05/min platform fee + providers at cost | $0.05/min platform | $0.10–$0.30 | Developers building custom stacks |
| Retell AI | Per-minute bundles | From ~$0.07/min voice layer | $0.07–$0.31 | Quick-deployment voice agents |
| Bland AI | Flat per-minute including LLM, STT, TTS | $0.14/min list (lower committed) | $0.12–$0.16 | Simple flat-rate voice calling |
| Synthflow | Modular pay-as-you-go | $0.09/min engine + LLM + telephony | $0.11–$0.24 | No-code builders, agencies |
| Smith.ai AI Receptionist | Per-call bundles | Free for 25 calls; $150/mo for 75 calls | $1.67–$3.00 per call | Hybrid AI + human escalation |
Three observations from this table:
First, headline rates understate real costs. Vapi's $0.05/min platform fee excludes the speech-to-text, language model, and text-to-speech providers you connect on top — independent testing puts complete setups at $0.10–$0.30/minute all-in. Synthflow similarly advertises component pricing where the voice engine, LLM choice, and telephony stack into a higher effective rate. Budget from the full stack, not the homepage number.
Second, compliance is a paid add-on on developer platforms. HIPAA-capable configurations on platforms like Vapi have been reported at $1,000–$2,000/month extra. For medical and dental practices, either confirm the vendor includes healthcare compliance in the base price or work with a managed provider who has already solved it.
Third, per-call human services anchor the top of the market. Smith.ai's human virtual receptionist plans run $300/month for 30 calls, $810 for 90, and $2,100 for 300 (smith.ai) — roughly $7–$10 per handled call. Their AI track drops that to $1.67–$3.00 per call. Compare either to a raw voice AI platform at $0.13/minute (about $0.50 for a 4-minute call) and you can see exactly where the margin in traditional answering services lives.
What an AI Receptionist Replaces (The Real Comparison)
Here's the math that matters — not what the AI costs, but what it costs compared to the alternative.
vs. Hiring a Human Receptionist
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics puts the median hourly wage for receptionists at $17.90 (May 2024 data), or roughly $37,230/year — and $18.47/hour in healthcare and social assistance settings (bls.gov). But wage is only the beginning of what a hire costs you:
| Cost Component | Human Receptionist | AI Receptionist |
|---|---|---|
| Base salary/wage | $37,000–$46,000/yr | n/a |
| Payroll taxes (+10%) | $3,700–$4,600/yr | $0 |
| Benefits (+20–30%) | $7,400–$13,800/yr | $0 |
| Recruiting and onboarding | $2,000–$5,000 one-time | Included in setup |
| Software seat (phone system, scheduling) | $600–$1,200/yr | Included |
| Coverage window | 8–10 hours/day, weekdays | 24/7/365 |
| Simultaneous callers | 1 (2 if you're lucky) | Unlimited concurrency |
| Sick days, vacation, turnover | Yes — plus temp coverage costs | Never absent |
| Effective annual cost | $50,000–$72,000 | $3,600–$9,600 |
A fully-loaded receptionist costs $4,200–$6,000/month. An AI receptionist covering the same phone line costs $300–$800/month — and unlike the human, it answers at 9 PM on a Sunday, when a meaningful share of appointment-seeking calls actually arrive.
To be fair to humans: a great front-desk person does things no AI should — insurance disputes, upset patients, in-person hospitality. The winning pattern we see isn't replacement, it's reallocation: let the AI absorb the repetitive 70–80% of calls (hours, directions, pricing questions, booking) and let your human team handle judgment work. Our analysis of whether an AI receptionist is worth it covers this trade-off in detail.
vs. Doing Nothing (The Real Cost of Missing Calls)
Most SMBs think "doing nothing" is free. It's the most expensive option on the menu:
- ��Every unanswered call is a booking given away. When a prospective patient calls three dental offices and yours goes to voicemail, the appointment goes to whoever answered.
- ��After-hours is prime time. People book dentists, therapists, and salons when they're off work — evenings and weekends. A 9-to-5 front desk is structurally absent during peak demand. That after-hours demand is exactly why voice AI phone bookings are becoming the default capture layer for service businesses.
- ��Voicemail converts terribly. Across Orometa deployments, fewer than 30% of voicemail leavers get called back successfully, and a fraction of those convert to booked appointments.
Run your own numbers:
| Your Business | Missed Calls/Month | Avg Booking Value | Monthly Revenue Lost |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solo salon | 20 | $120 | $2,400 |
| 4-chair salon | 40 | $150 | $6,000 |
| Single-dentist practice | 60 | $400 first visit | $24,000 pipeline |
| Multi-provider clinic | 120 | $250 consult | $30,000 pipeline |
Even if an AI receptionist recovers only a third of those missed calls, the recovered revenue dwarfs the subscription. A business losing $5,000/month to missed calls that pays $500/month to stop losing them has bought a 10x return before counting a single referral or review — and pairing call capture with proven AI booking conversion tactics compounds that recovery even further.
Real-World Pricing Scenarios
Four scenarios modeled from Orometa deployments, with realistic volume assumptions:
Dental Clinic (30–50 calls/day)
- ��Setup: $1,500 one-time (practice-management integration, insurance question handling, emergency call routing)
- ��Monthly: $500 (voice + chat, ~3,000 minutes)
- ��Result: ~2,100 previously-missed calls handled per year; 8–12 new patients booked per month that would otherwise have gone to voicemail
- ��Revenue math: 10 new patients x $1,500–$3,000 lifetime value = $15,000–$30,000/month in new patient pipeline, against a $500 monthly cost
Salon or Spa (10–20 calls/day)
- ��Setup: $500 one-time (booking system integration, service menu training)
- ��Monthly: $300 (voice + chat, ~1,000 minutes)
- ��Result: 5–8 extra bookings/week captured after hours and during busy shifts
- ��Revenue math: 26 extra bookings/month x $140 average ticket = $3,600/month recovered, a 12x return on the $300 spend
Medical Practice / Therapy (high-value no-show problem)
- ��Setup: $1,000 one-time (reminder sequences, intake pre-qualification)
- ��Monthly: $400
- ��Result: automated confirmation and reminder calls cut no-shows dramatically; every prevented no-show returns a slot to sellable inventory
- ��Revenue math: preventing 15 no-shows/month x $200 average visit = $3,000/month recovered, plus faster schedule fill from waitlist outreach. Our guide on reducing no-shows with AI chatbots and reminders breaks down the reminder logic.
Home Services / Moving Company (seasonal spikes)
- ��Setup: $1,200 one-time (quote intake, job qualification, CRM integration)
- ��Monthly: $450
- ��Result: every storm-day or weekend surge answered; lead capture no longer depends on someone reaching the phone between jobs
- ��Revenue math: 20 extra qualified jobs/month x $600 average = $12,000/month pipeline at peak season
Across all four scenarios the pattern holds: the AI receptionist costs 3–10% of the revenue it touches. If a quote doesn't clear that bar for your volume, negotiate or walk.
What's NOT Included (Watch Out)
Cheap plans hide these costs. Ask before you sign:
- ��Per-minute overage fees — a $99/mo plan with 100 included minutes that charges $0.20–$0.30/min after that can quietly double your bill in a busy month.
- ��Setup and integration fees — $0–$2,500 depending on how many systems need connecting and how much training data you provide.
- ��Phone number and SMS charges — the agent needs a number ($1–$2/month per number on most telephony providers) and SMS credits; sometimes bundled, sometimes billed separately.
- ��Premium voices — stock voices are included; branded or cloned voices often carry surcharges.
- ��Compliance add-ons — HIPAA configurations on developer platforms have been reported at $1,000–$2,000/month extra. Healthcare buyers must confirm this before signing anything.
- ��Retraining and optimization — managed plans include monthly tuning; DIY plans charge hourly if the vendor does it, or it comes out of your evenings.
The bottom line: read the per-minute and overage terms before comparing monthly prices. A "$99/mo" plan that bills $0.25/minute is frequently more expensive than a flat $400/mo plan at the same volume.
How to Budget: A 3-Step Framework
Step 1: Count your missed calls. Pull your phone system's missed-call log for 30 days. Include after-hours voicemails. Multiply by your average booking value. This single number — monthly revenue leaking through unanswered calls — is your budget ceiling.
Step 2: Value one booking.
| Business Type | Average Booking Value | Lifetime Value |
|---|---|---|
| Dental new patient | $200–$400 first visit | $1,500–$3,000 |
| Salon appointment | $80–$300 | $800–$2,000/yr recurring |
| Medical/therapy consult | $150–$500 | $2,000–$5,000 care plan |
| Moving company job | $500–$2,000 | Referral multiplier |
Step 3: Set your ceiling at 10%. An AI receptionist is worth buying if it costs less than 10% of the revenue it captures. Losing $5,000/month in missed bookings justifies up to $500/month comfortably; even a $1,500/month fully-managed agent clears 30% ROI at that leak rate. If you're losing $5,000/month and a vendor quotes $2,500/month, the deal fails the test — keep shopping.
For a fuller treatment of payback periods and measurement, see our AI automation ROI case studies.
DIY vs. Agency: Which Should You Choose?
| Factor | DIY ($99–$200/mo) | Managed ($500–$1,500/mo) |
|---|---|---|
| Time to launch | 2–6 weeks of your evenings | 3–7 days |
| Setup effort | 10–20 hours, yours | Zero, theirs |
| Integrations | Zapier-level only, mostly | Native two-way practice-system sync |
| Quality monitoring | You listen to recordings | Team reviews calls weekly |
| Accountability | None — hope it works | Monthly performance reporting |
| Total first-year cost | $1,200–$2,400 + your time | $6,500–$18,000 |
Choose DIY if:
- ��You're technical and genuinely enjoy configuring software
- ��Your volume is low (under 10 calls/day)
- ��A week of setup delay won't cost you meaningful bookings
- ��You have time to monitor call quality yourself
Choose managed if:
- ��You're a practice owner or operator — your hours belong with clients, not in a flow builder
- ��You want it live in days, not weeks
- ��You need real integrations (Dentrix, Jane, Mindbody, Housecall Pro)
- ��You want someone contractually accountable for the agent's performance
For most owners, managed wins — not because the software is better, but because implementation is the product. A configured, monitored, continuously-optimized AI receptionist is a completely different asset than a raw software account. If you go the managed route, our guide on how to hire an AI automation agency lists the vetting questions that separate operators from resellers, and our AI automation cost breakdown benchmarks agency pricing across engagement types. And if a bespoke system makes more sense than a packaged plan, our guide to AI agent development cost itemizes the engineering budget line by line.
Implementation Timeline: From Signature to Live Agent
Cost comparisons miss half the story — time-to-value matters as much as price. Here's the realistic rollout sequence for a managed deployment:
| Phase | Timeframe | What Happens | Cost Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Discovery & scoping | Days 1–2 | Missed-call log audit, volume modeling, final quote | Included in setup fee |
| Build & training | Days 3–7 | Agent trained on services, pricing, insurance FAQs; voice selected | Part of $500–$2,500 setup |
| Integration & testing | Week 2 | Calendar and practice-system sync, live test calls, edge-case routing | Included |
| Go-live & monitoring | Weeks 2–4 | Soft launch on a subset of call volume, daily recording review | First monthly payment starts |
| Optimization | Month 2+ | Monthly tuning from real transcripts, new channels added | Included in managed plans |
DIY deployments stretch the build phase to 2–6 weeks and push testing onto you. Every week the agent isn't live is a week of missed bookings you keep leaking — which is why time-to-launch belongs in the cost math alongside the monthly fee.
Red Flags vs. a Fair Quote
A fair quote looks like:
- ��Transparent per-minute pricing or a flat plan matched to your measured volume
- ��Setup fee itemized by integration
- ��Month-to-month terms or a 30–90 day initial period
- ��Performance reporting included: calls handled, bookings made, no-show rate
- ��Named human support that responds within hours
Red flags:
- ��"Unlimited" plans with undisclosed voice caps or throttling
- ��Multi-year contracts for what is fundamentally a monthly software service
- ��Setup fees with no line-item breakdown
- ��No access to call recordings or transcripts — "trust us, it's working"
- ��Zero optimization after launch week
- ��Reluctance to pilot on a subset of your call volume first
Frequently Asked Questions
How much does an AI receptionist cost per month?
Most small businesses pay $99–$600/month for self-serve software, or $500–$1,500/month for an agency-managed agent including setup, integrations, training, and optimization. A typical dental clinic, medical practice, or salon lands between $300–$800/month all-in once real call volume is factored in.
Is an AI receptionist cheaper than hiring a receptionist?
Yes, by roughly 85–90%. A full-time human receptionist costs $37,000–$46,000/year in base salary per Bureau of Labor Statistics data — $50,000–$72,000 fully loaded with taxes and benefits. An AI receptionist runs $3,600–$9,600/year, works 24/7, handles unlimited simultaneous callers, and never quits, takes vacation, or needs a replacement hired.
Do AI receptionists charge per minute?
Most voice AI platforms do — typically $0.07–$0.31/minute all-in depending on provider and configuration. Others bill per call (Smith.ai: $1.67–$3.00/call). Either way, model your real call volume before signing: 40 calls/day at 3 minutes/call is roughly 2,600 minutes/month, which is $340–$520/month at typical rates.
What hidden fees should I watch for?
Per-minute overages, setup/integration fees, phone number and SMS charges, premium voice surcharges, HIPAA compliance add-ons (up to $2,000/month on some developer platforms), and retraining fees on plans that exclude ongoing optimization. Get every one itemized in writing before signing.
How fast does an AI receptionist pay for itself?
Usually within the first month or two. A practice missing 40 calls/day leaks $5,000–$10,000/month in unbooked revenue. Recovering even 15 bookings at $200 average value generates $3,000/month against a $500/month cost — a 6x return in month one. Most Orometa clients reach full payback within 2–6 weeks of go-live.
The Bottom Line
- ��A working AI receptionist costs $300–$800/month for most dentists, clinics, and salons
- ��DIY software runs $99–$200/month but costs you 10–20 setup hours and ongoing troubleshooting
- ��A managed agent runs $500–$1,500/month and is live in a week with integration, training, and monthly optimization
- ��The alternative — a human receptionist — costs $50,000–$72,000/year fully loaded for one person, 9–5, one line
- ��The real cost is doing nothing: $5,000–$10,000/month in missed booking revenue for a busy practice
The right number for your business is the one that costs less than 10% of the bookings it recovers. For nearly every clinic, salon, and service business, that's comfortably in the $300–$800/month range — and it pays for itself in the first month.
Next Steps
Want an exact quote for your business? Book a free 20-minute call — we'll count your missed calls, value your average booking, and show you the payback math before you spend a dollar. If you're still mapping the landscape, start with AI agents that turn inquiries into confirmed bookings or browse how GoHighLevel's AI voice features compare for all-in-one users.
How We Researched This Guide
Methodology: Pricing data is compiled from Orometa's 45+ AI receptionist deployments, vendor pricing pages verified as of publication (Vapi, Retell AI, Bland AI, Synthflow, Smith.ai), U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS wage data for receptionists (May 2024 release), and Gartner customer service AI research (December 2024 and March 2025). ROI calculations use real booking data from Orometa client accounts. We have no financial relationship with any AI voice platform mentioned; per-minute rates change frequently, so confirm current pricing directly with vendors before budgeting.
Related AI/Automation Guides
- ��AI Receptionist: Your 24/7 Booking Assistant
- ��Is an AI Receptionist Worth It?
- ��AI Agents That Turn Inquiries into Confirmed Bookings
- ��AI Phone Agents: Voice Automation for Booking & Sales
- ��AI Automation Cost: What Agencies Charge in 2026
- ��AI Agent Development Cost: What to Expect in 2026
- ��AI Automation ROI — Case Studies & Payback
- ��How to Hire an AI Automation Agency
- ��Voice AI for Phone Bookings: The Future of Service
- ��AI Customer Service Chatbots: Setup, Strategy & ROI
- ��AI Booking Conversion: How AI Turns Leads into Confirmed Appointments
About the Author
Timothy Brown is Head of Digital Marketing at Orometa, where he leads SEO, content strategy, and demand generation for AI automation engagements across healthcare, hospitality, and service businesses. He has translated data from Orometa's 45+ AI receptionist deployments into the pricing benchmarks, ROI models, and buying frameworks used throughout this guide — helping practice owners budget confidently and walk away from overpriced contracts.